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Top 50 Java Collections Interview Questions You Need to Know in 2023

Last updated on Nov 29,2022 184.1K Views

Swatee Chand
Sr Research Analyst at Edureka. A techno freak who likes to explore... Sr Research Analyst at Edureka. A techno freak who likes to explore different technologies. Likes to follow the technology trends in market and write...
3 / 5 Blog from Interview Questions

Collection Framework is one of the most important pillars that support the fundamental concepts of the Java programming language. If you are an aspiring Java Developer, it is very important for you to have a strong knowledge of these core concepts before you appear for an interview. Through the medium of this article, I will share the Top 50 Java Collections Interview Questions and Answers that will definitely help you in clearing your interview with flying colors.

The questions in this article have been divided into the following sections:

Generic –  Java Collections Interview Questions

1. What are the advantages of the Collection Framework in Java?

Below table contains the major advantages of the Java Collection Framework:

FeatureDescription
PerformanceThe collection framework provides highly effective and efficient data structures that result in enhancing the speed and accuracy of a program.
MaintainabilityThe code developed with the collection framework is easy to maintain as it supports data consistency and interoperability within the implementation.
ReusabilityThe classes in Collection Framework can effortlessly mix with other types which results in increasing the code reusability.
ExtensibilityThe Collection Framework in Java allows the developers to customize the primitive collection types as per their requirements.

2. What do you understand by Collection Framework in Java?

The Java Collection framework provides an architecture to store and manage a group of objects. It permits the developers to access prepackaged data structures as well as algorithms to manipulate data. The collection framework includes the following:

All these classes and interfaces support various operations such as Searching, Sorting, Insertion, Manipulation, and Deletion which makes the data manipulation really easy and quick.

3. Describe the Collection hierarchy in Java.

Java Collection Heirarchy - Java Collection Interview Questions - Edureka

4. List down the primary interfaces provided by Java Collections Framework?

Below are the major interfaces provided by the Collection Framework:

  • Collection Interface: java.util.Collection is the root of the Java Collection framework and most of the collections in Java are inherited from this interface.
public interface Collection<E>extends Iterable
  • List Interface: java.util.List is an extended form of an array that contains ordered elements and may include duplicates. It supports the index-based search, but elements can be easily inserted irrespective of the position. The List interface is implemented by various classes such as ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector, etc.
public interface List<E> extends Collection<E>
  • Set Interface: java.util.Set refers to a collection class that cannot contain duplicate elements. Since it doesn’t define an order for the elements, the index-based search is not supported. It is majorly used as a mathematical set abstraction model. The Set interface is implemented by various classes such as HashSet, TreeSetand LinkedHashSet.
public interface Set<E> extends Collection<E>
  • Queue Interface: java.util.Queue in Java follows a FIFO approach i.e. it orders the elements in First In First Out manner. Elements in Queue will be added from the rear end while removed from the front.
public interface Queue<E> extends Collection<E>
  • Map Interface: java.util.Map is a two-dimensional data structure in Java that is used to store the data in the form of a Key-Value pair. The key here is the unique hashcode and value represent the element. Map in Java is another form of the Java Set but can’t contain duplicate elements.

5. Why Collection doesn’t extend the Cloneable and Serializable interfaces?

The Collection interface in Java specifies a group of objects called elements. The maintainability and ordering of elements is completely dependent on the concrete implementations provided by each of the Collection. Thus, there is no use of extending the Cloneable and Serializable interfaces.

    6. List down the major advantages of the Generic Collection.

    Below are the main advantages of using the generic collection in Java:

    • Provides stronger type checks at the time of compilation
    • Eliminates the need for typecasting
    • Enables the implementation of generic algorithms which makes the code customizable, type-safe and easier to read

    7. What is the main benefit of using the Properties file?

    The main advantage of using the properties file in Java is that in case the values in the properties file is changed it will be automatically reflected without having to recompile the java class.  Thus it is mainly used to store information which is liable to change such as username and passwords. This makes the management of the application easy and efficient. Below is an example of the same:

    import java.util.*;
    import java.io.*;
    public class PropertiesDemo{
    public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception{ 
    FileReader fr=new FileReader("db.properties"); 
    Properties pr=new Properties();
    pr.load(fr);
    System.out.println(pr.getProperty("user"));
    System.out.println(pr.getProperty("password"));
    }
    }

    8. What do you understand by Iterator in the Java Collection Framework?

    Iterator in Java is an interface of the Collection framework present in java.util package. It is a Cursor in Java which is used to iterate a collection of objects. Below are a few other major functionalities provided by the Iterator interface:

    • Traverse a collection object elements one by one
    • Known as Universal Java Cursor as it is applicable for all the classes of the Collection framework
    • Supports READ and REMOVE Operations.
    • Iterator method names are easy to implement

    9. What is the need for overriding equals() method in Java?

    The initial implementation of the equals method helps in checking whether two objects are the same or not. But in case you want to compare the objects based on the property you will have to override this method.

    10. How the Collection objects are sorted in Java?

    Sorting in Java Collections is implemented via Comparable and Comparator interfaces. When Collections.sort()  method is used the elements get sorted based on the natural order that is specified in the compareTo() method. On the other hand when Collections.sort(Comparator) method is used it sorts the objects based on compare() method of the Comparator interface. 

    List – Java Collections Interview Questions

    11. What is the use of the List interface?

    The List interface in Java is an ordered collection of elements. It maintains the insertion order and allows duplicate values to be stored within. This interface contains various methods which enables smooth manipulation of elements based on the element index. The main classes implementing the List interface of the Collection framework are ArrayList, LinkedList, Stack, and Vector.

    12. What is ArrayList in Java?

    ArrayList is the implementation of List Interface where the elements can be dynamically added or removed from the list. ArrayList in the Collection framework provides positional access and insertion of elements. It is an ordered collection that permits duplicate values. The size of an ArrayList can be increased dynamically if the number of elements is more than the initial size. 

    Arraylist - Java Collections Interview Questions - EdurekaSyntax:

    ArrayList object = new ArrayList ();

    13. How would you convert an ArrayList to Array and an Array to ArrayList?

    An Array can be converted into an ArrayList by making use of the asList() method provided by the Array class. It is a static method that accepts List objects as a parameter.

    Syntax:

    Arrays.asList(item)

    Whereas an ArrayList can be converted into an Array using the toArray() method of the ArrayList class.

    Syntax:

    List_object.toArray(new String[List_object.size()])

    14. How will you reverse an List?

    ArrayList can be reversed using the reverse() method of the Collections class.

    Syntax:

    public static void reverse(Collection c)

    For Example:

    public class ReversingArrayList { 
    public static void main(String[] args) { 
    List<String> myList = new ArrayList<String>(); 
    myList.add("AWS"); 
    myList.add("Java"); 
    myList.add("Python"); 
    myList .add("Blockchain"); 
    System.out.println("Before Reversing"); 
    System.out.println(myList.toString()); 
    Collections.reverse(myList); 
    System.out.println("After Reversing"); 
    System.out.println(myList); 
    } 
    }

    15. What do you understand by LinkedList in Java? How many types of LinkedList does Java support?

    LinkedList in Java is a data structure that contains a sequence of links. Here each link contains a connection to the next link.

    Syntax:

    Linkedlist object = new Linkedlist();

    Java LinkedList class uses two types of LinkedList to store the elements:

    • Singly Linked List: In a singly LinkedList, each node in this list stores the data of the node and a pointer or reference to the next node in the list.

    SinglyLinkedList - Java Collections - Edureka

    • Doubly Linked List: In a doubly LinkedList, it has two references, one to the next node and another to the previous node.

    DoublyLinkedList - Java Collections - Edureka

    16. What is a Vector in Java?

    Vectors are similar to arrays, where the elements of the vector object can be accessed via an index into the vector. Vector implements a dynamic array. Also, the vector is not limited to a specific size, it can shrink or grow automatically whenever required. It is similar to ArrayList, but with two differences :

    • Vector is synchronized.
    • Vector contains many legacy methods that are not part of the collections framework.

    Vector - Java Collections - EdurekaSyntax:

    Vector object = new Vector(size,increment);

     

    Queue – Java Collections Interview Questions

    17. What are the various methods provided by the Queue interface?

    Below are some of the methods of Java Queue interface:

    MethodDescription
     boolean add(object) Inserts the specified element into the queue and returns true if it is a success.
     boolean offer(object) Inserts the specified element into this queue.
     Object remove() Retrieves and removes the head of the queue.
     Object poll() Retrieves and removes the head of the queue, or returns null if the queue is empty.
     Object element() Retrieves, but does not remove the head of the queue.
     Object peek() Retrieves, but does not remove the head of this queue, or returns null if the queue is empty.

    18. What do you understand by BlockingQueue?

    BlockingQueue interface belongs to the java.util.concurrent packageThis interface enhances flow control by activating blocking, in case a thread is trying to dequeue an empty queue or enqueue an already full queue. While working with the BlockingQueue interface in Java, you must remember that it does not accept a null value. In case you try to do that it will instantly throw a NullPointerException. The below figure represents the working of the BlockingQueue interface in Java.

    BlockingQueue - Java Collections Interview Questions - Edureka

    19. What is a priority queue in Java?

    A priority queue in Java is an abstract data type similar to a regular queue or stack data structure but has a special feature called priority associated with each element. In this queue, a high priority element is served before a low priority element irrespective of their insertion order. The PriorityQueue is based on the priority heap. The elements of the priority queue are ordered according to the natural ordering, or by a Comparator provided at queue construction time, depending on which constructor is used.

    20. What is the Stack class in Java and what are the various methods provided by it?

    Java Stack class is an important part of  the Java Collection framework and is based on the basic principle of last-in-first-out. In other words, the elements are added as well as removed from the rear end. The action of adding an element to a stack is called push while removing an element is referred to as pop. Below are the various methods provided by this class:

    MethodsDescription
    empty()Checks if the stack is empty
    push()Pust an item to the top of the stack
    pop()Remove the object from the stack
    peek()Looks at the object of a stack without removing it
    search()Searches item in the stack to get its index

    Set  – Java Collections Interview Questions

    21. What is Set in Java Collections framework and list down its various implementations?

    A Set refers to a collection that cannot contain duplicate elements. It is mainly used to model the mathematical set abstraction. The Java platform provides three general-purpose Set implementations which are:

    1. HashSet
    2. TreeSet
    3. LinkedHashSet

    22. What is the HashSet class in Java and how does it store elements?

    java.util.HashSet class is a member of the Java collections framework which inherits the AbstractSet class and implements the Set interface. It implicitly implements a hashtable for creating and storing a collection of unique elements. Hashtable is an instance of the HashMap class that uses a hashing mechanism for storing the information within a HashSet. Hashing is the process of converting the informational content into a unique value that is more popularly known as hash code. This hashcode is then used for indexing the data associated with the key. The entire process of transforming the informational key into the hashcode is performed internally.

    23. Can you add a null element into a TreeSet or HashSet?

    In HashSet, only one null element can be added but in TreeSet it can’t be added as it makes use of NavigableMap for storing the elements. This is because the NavigableMap is a subtype of SortedMap that doesn’t allow null keys. So, in case you try to add null elements to a TreeSet, it will throw a NullPointerException.

    24. Explain the emptySet() method in the Collections framework?

    The Collections.emptySet() is used to return the empty immutable Set while removing the null elements. The set returned by this method is serializable. Below is the method declaration of emptySet().

    Syntax:

    public static final <T> Set<T> emptySet()

    25. What is LinkedHashSet in Java Collections Framework?

    A java.util.LinkedHashSet is a subclass of the HashSet class and implements the Set interface. It is an ordered version of HashSet which maintains a doubly-linked List across all elements contained within. It preserves the insertion order and contains only unique elements like its parent class.

    Syntax:

    LinkedHashSet<String> hs = new LinkedHashSet<String>();

    Map  – Java Collections Interview Questions

    26. What is Map interface in Java?

    The java.util.Map interface in Java stores the elements in the form of keys-values pairs which is designed for faster lookups. Here every key is unique and maps to a single value. These key-value pairs are known as the map entries. This interface includes method signatures for insertion, removal, and retrieval of elements based on a key. With such methods, it’s a perfect tool to use for key-value association mapping such as dictionaries. 

    27. Why Map doesn’t extend the Collection Interface?

    The Map interface in Java follows a key/value pair structure whereas the Collection interface is a collection of objects which are stored in a structured manner with a specified access mechanism. The main reason Map doesn’t extend the Collection interface is that the add(E e) method of the Collection interface doesn’t support the key-value pair like Map interface’s put(K, V) method. It might not extend the Collection interface but still is an integral part of the Java Collections framework.

    28. List down the different Collection views provided by the Map interface in the Java Collection framework?

    The Map interface provides 3 views of key-value pairs which are:

    • key set view
    • value set view
    • entry set view

    All these views can be easily navigated through using the iterators.

    29. What is the ConcurrentHashMap in Java and do you implement it?

    ConcurrentHashMap is a Java class that implements ConcurrentMap as well as Serializable interfaces. This class is the enhanced version of HashMap as it doesn’t perform well in the multithreaded environment. It has a higher performance rate compared to the HashMap. 

    Below is a small example demonstrating the implementation of ConcurrentHashMap:

    package edureka;
    import java.util.concurrent.*;
    
    public class ConcurrentHashMapDemo {
        public static void main(String[] args) 
        { 
            ConcurrentHashMap m = new ConcurrentHashMap(); 
            m.put(1, "Welcome"); 
            m.put(2, "to"); 
            m.put(3, "Edureka's");
            m.put(4, "Demo");
      
            System.out.println(m);
            
            // Here we cant add Hello because 101 key 
            // is already present in ConcurrentHashMap object 
            m.putIfAbsent(3, "Online"); 
            System.out.println("Checking if key 3 is already present in the ConcurrentHashMap object: "+ m);
      
            // We can remove entry because 101 key 
            // is associated with For value 
            m.remove(1, "Welcome");
            System.out.println("Removing the value of key 1: "+m);
      
            // Now we can add Hello 
            m.putIfAbsent(1, "Hello");
            System.out.println("Adding new value to the key 1: "+m);
      
            // We cant replace Hello with For 
            m.replace(1, "Hello", "Welcome"); 
            System.out.println("Replacing value of key 1 with Welcome: "+ m); 
        }
    } 

    30. Can you use any class as a Map key?

    Yes, any class can be used as Map Key as long as the following points are considered:

    • The class overriding the equals() method must also override the hashCode() method
    • The class should adhere to the rules associated with equals() and hashCode() for all instances
    • The class field which is not used in the equals() method should not be used in hashCode() method as well
    • The best way to use a user-defined key class is by making it immutable. It helps in caching the hashCode() value for better performance. Also if the class is made immutable it will ensure that the hashCode() and equals() are not changing in the future.

    Differences – Java Collections Interview Questions

    31. Differentiate between Collection and Collections.

    CollectionCollections
    java.util.Collection is an interfacejava.util.Collections is a class
    Is used to represent a group of objects as a single entityIt is used to define various utility method for collection objects
    It is the root interface of the Collection frameworkIt is a utility class
    It is used to derive the data structures of the Collection frameworkIt contains various static methods which help in data structure manipulation

    32. Differentiate between an Array and an ArrayList.

    ArrayArrayList
    java.util.Array is a classjava.util.ArrayList is a class
    It is strongly typedIt is loosely types
    Cannot be dynamically resizedCan be dynamically resized
    No need to box and unbox the elementsNeeds to box and unbox the elements

    33. Differentiate between Iterable and Iterator.

    IterableIterator
    Iterable is an interfaceIterator is an interface
    Belongs to java.lang packageBelongs to java.util package
    Provides one single abstract method called iterator()Provides two abstract methods called hasNext() and next()
    It is a representation of a series of elements that can be traversedIt represents the object with iteration state

    34. Differentiate between ArrayList and LinkedList.

    ArrayListLinkedList
    Implements dynamic array internally to store elementsImplements doubly linked list internally to store elements
    Manipulation of elements is slowerManipulation of elements is faster
    Can act only as a ListCan act as a List and a Queue
    Effective for data storage and accessEffective for data manipulation

    35. Differentiate between Comparable and Comparator.

    ComparableComparator
    Present in java.lang packagePresent in java.util package
    Elements are sorted based on natural orderingElements are sorted based on user-customized ordering
    Provides a single method called compareTo()Provides to methods equals() and compare()
    Modifies the actual classDoesn’t modifies the actual class

    36. Differentiate between List and Set.

    ListSet
    An ordered collection of elementsAn unordered collection of elements
    Preserves the insertion orderDoesn’t preserves the insertion order
    Duplicate values are allowedDuplicate values are not allowed
    Any number of null values can be storedOnly one null values can be stored
    ListIterator can be used to traverse the List in any directionListIterator cannot be used to traverse a Set
    Contains a legacy class called vectorDoesn’t contains any legacy class

    37. Differentiate between Set and Map.

    SetMap
    Belongs to java.util packageBelongs to java.util package
    Extends the Collection interfaceDoesn’t extend the Collection interface
    Duplicate values are not allowedDuplicate keys are not allowed but duplicate values are
    Only one null values can be storedOnly one null key can be stored but multiple null values are allowed
    Doesn’t maintain any insertion orderDoesn’t maintain any insertion order

    38. Differentiate between List and Map.

    ListMap
    Belongs to java.util packageBelongs to java.util package
    Extends the Collection interfaceDoesn’t extend the Collection interface
    Duplicate elements are allowedDuplicate keys are not allowed but duplicate values are
    Multiple null values can be storedOnly one null key can be stored but multiple null values are allowed
    Preserves the insertion orderDoesn’t maintain any insertion order
    Stores elements based on Array Data StructureStores data in key-value pairs using various hashing techniques

    39. Differentiate between Queue and Stack.

    QueueStack
    Based on FIFO (First-In-First-Out) principleBased on LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) principle
    Insertion and deletion takes place from two opposite endsInsertion and deletion takes place the same end
    Element insertion is called enqueueElement insertion is called push
    Element deletion is called dequeueElement deletion is called pop
    Two pointers are maintained one point to the first element and the other one points the last element on the listOnly one pointer is maintained which points to the top element on the stack

    40. Differentiate between PriorityQueue and TreeSet.

    PriorityQueueTreeSet
    It is a type of QueueIt is based on a Set data structure
    Allows duplicate elementsDoesn’t allows duplicate elements
    Stores the elements based on an additional factor called priorityStores the elements in a sorted order

    41. Differentiate between the Singly Linked List and Doubly Linked List.

    Singly Linked List(SLL)Doubly Linked List(DLL)
    Contains nodes with a data field and a next node-link fieldContains nodes with a data field, a previous link field, and a next link field
    Can be traversed using the next node-link field onlyCan be traversed using the previous node-link or the next node-link
    Occupies less memory spaceOccupies more memory space
    Less efficient in providing access to the elementsMore efficient in providing access to the elements

    42. Differentiate between Iterator and Enumeration.

    IteratorEnumeration
    Collection element can be removed while traversing itCan only traverse through the Collection
    Used to traverse most of the classes of the Java Collection frameworkUsed to traverse the legacy classes such as Vector, HashTable, etc
    Is fail-fast in natureIs fail-safe in nature
    Is safe and secureIs not safe and secure
    Provides methods like hasNext(), next() and remove()Provides methods like hasMoreElements() and nextElement()

    43. Differentiate between HashMap and HashTable.

    HashMapHashTable
    It is non-synchronized in natureIt is synchronized in nature
    Allows only one null key but multiple null valuesDoesn’t allow any null key or value
    Has faster processinghas slower processing
    Can be traversed by IteratorCan be traversed by Iterator and Enumeration
    Inherits AbstractMap classInherits Dictionary class

    44. Differentiate between HashSet and HashMap.

    HashSetHasMap
    Based on Set implementationBased on Map implementation
    Doesn’t allow any duplicate elementsDoesn’t allow any duplicate keys but duplicate values are allowed
    Allows only a single null valueAllows only one null key but any number of null values
    Has slower processing timeHas faster processing time
    Uses HashMap as an underlying data structureUses various hashing techniques for data manipulation

    45. Differentiate between Iterator and ListIterator.

    IteratorListIterator
    Can only perform remove operations on the Collection elementsCan perform add, remove and replace operations the Collection elements
    Can traverse List, Sets and mapsCan traverse only Lists
    Can traverse the Collection in forward directionCan traverse the collection in any direction
    Provides no method to retrieve the index of the elementProvides methods to retrieve the index of the elements
    iterator() method is available for the entire Collection FrameworklistIterator() is only available for the collections implementing the List interface

    46. Differentiate between HashSet and TreeSet.

    HashSetTreeSet
    Uses HasMap to store elementsUses Treemap to store elements
    It is unordered in natureBy default, it stores elements in their natural ordering
    Has faster processing timeHas slower processing time
    Uses hasCode() and equals() for comparingUses compare() and compareTo() for comparing
    Allows only one null elementDoesn’t allow any null element
    Takes up less memory spaceTakes up more memory space

    47. Differentiate between Queue and Deque.

    QueueDeque
    Refers to single-ended queueRefers to double-ended queue
    Elements can be added or removed from only one endElements can be added and removed from either end
    Less versatileMore versatile

    48. Differentiate between HashMap and TreeMap.

    HashMapTreeMap
    Doesn’t preserves any orderingPreserves the natural ordering
    Implicitly implements the hashing principleImplicitly implements the Red-Black Tree Implementation
    Can store only one null keyCannot store any null key
    More memory usageLess memory usage
    Not synchronizedNot synchronized

    49. Differentiate between ArrayList and Vector.

    ArrayListVector
    Non-synchronized in natureSynchronized in nature
    It is not a legacy classIs a legacy class
    Increases size by 1/2 of the ArrayListIncreases size by double of the ArrayList
    It is not thread-safeIt is thread-safe

    50. Differentiate between failfast and failsafe.

    failfastfailsafe
    Doesn’t allow modifications of a collection while iteratingAllows modifications of a collection while iterating
    Throws ConcurrentModificationExceptionDon’t throw any exceptions
    Uses the original collection to traverse over the elementsUses a copy of the original collection to traverse over the elements
    Don’t require extra memoryRequire extra memory

    So this brings us to the end of the Java Collections interview questions. The topics that you learned in this Java Collections Interview Questions are the most sought-after skill sets that recruiters look for in a Java Professional. These sets of Java Collection Interview Questions will definitely help you ace your job interview. Good luck with your interview!

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    Top 50 Java Collections Interview Questions You Need to Know in 2023

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